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Alan Silverside's Lichen Pages
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Image, identification and ecology links
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British & Irish lichens - general (see next section for image sites)
The British Lichen Society
http://www.thebls.org.uk/
Key information resource, with links, lists and downloadable articles as well as information about the BLS.UK Biodiversity - lichens
http://www.ukbap.org.uk/SpeciesGroup.aspx?ID=17
Index to UK Biodiversity action plans.Lichen Ireland (Ulster Museum)
http://www.habitas.org.uk/lichenireland/index.html
Information on Irish lichens, including recording, checklist and maps.Lichens of Ireland Project (Paul Whelan)
http://www.lichens.ie/
A major new resource on Irish lichens, information, excellent images and more to come.
Images - Britain and Ireland
British Lichens (Mike Sutcliffe)
http://www.britishlichens.co.uk/
A site that first started, I understand, in the same way as my own, i.e. displaying images from courses run by Brian & Sandy Coppins - sometime after mine but with considerably more drive and diligence. Now a major resource and the best first site to try when searching for a good, reliably named image of a British lichen. [Changed name from http://www.uklichens.co.uk/, which still directs to the same pages.]Irish Lichens (Jenny Seawright)
http://www.irishlichens.ie/index.html
A stunning new site, with beautiful photographs that include many high-Atlantic species.BioImages - Virtual Field-Guide (UK) (Malcolm Storey)
http://www.bioimages.org.uk
A huge and authoritative site that includes many photographs of British macrolichens, but with them arranged taxonomically amongst non-lichenised fungi and time-consuming to browse.BLS field meeting - Jersey 17.-24.3.2001 (R.Kricke & S.Louwhoff)
http://www.alm-neu.de/Jersey/Jersey_Intro.html
Photographs from the BLS Jersey meeting 2001: people, places and numerous noteworthy lichens.Lichens.de (Richard Burghause)
http://www.lichens.de/
Includes some good photographs from BLS meetings (under "Workshop reports").
Images - Europe
The lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Belgium, Luxembourg and northern France (Paul Diederich, Damien Ertz, Christian Ries & Emmanuël Sérusiaux)
http://www.lichenology.info/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=pages&pg=intro
Effectively a photo-flora of the region, very comprehensive and with photographs of excellent quality.The Lichen Herbarium, University of Oslo (Einar Timdal)
http://www.nhm.uio.no/botanisk/lav/index.html
Information databases on Norwegian lichens and a large photographic gallery of many very high quality images at a choice of resolutions. (Changed URL, May 2009).Lichen gallery (Leif Stridvall)
http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/albums.php
Very large and stylish gallery of excellent images, especially good for crustose species, but infuriating to attempt to navigate (always go back to the index link!) and with pop-up textboxes that follow the cursor and obscure whatever one is trying to look at on the page.Base de Dados da Biodiversidade dos Açores — Líquenes
http://www.azoresbioportal.angra.uac.pt/listagens.php?sstr=1&lang=pt
List of lichens of the Azores, many with photographs (most or all by Felix Schumm) – valuable for many species rare in Britain and not covered on other sites (and, yes, includes Cladonia azorica!). [I follow 'Flora Europaea' here in treating the Azores as part of Europe.] Part of a large Azores biodiversity site at http://www.azoresbioportal.angra.uac.pt/index.php?lang=pt.Galerie Lecanoromycetidae
http://www.biolib.cz/cz/gallery/dir820/?viewall=1
A Czech site with a useful collection of mostly good quality photographs. Part of a major image gallery at http://www.biolib.cz/cz/maingallery/.Flora of Iceland
http://www.floraislands.is/engflora.htm
Includes extensive gallery of lichen images, good for boreal species (also for non-lichenised fungi).Flechtenbilder (lichen pictures) (U. Kirschbaum)
http://kmubserv.tg.fh-giessen.de/pm/page.cfm?PRID=20&CFID=44274&CFTOKEN=77161419&PID=96
Large gallery of good quality images from central Europe, including the Alps.Kerpji
http://priede.bf.lu.lv/scripts/atteli/albums.cgi?d=augi&k=Kerpji/&p=1
Appears to be a Latvian site, with valuable pictures of northern-continental taxa.Pictures of Aegean Lichens (H. Sipman)
http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/sipman/Zschackia/AegeanLichens/genuslist.htm
Extensive gallery, mostly close-ups.Foto
http://space.comune.re.it/cea/scuola/pagine/ipertesti/licheni/cap4_chiavi/lista3.htm
Good gallery of Italian lichens.Foto's van Nederlande korstmossen (Dutch lichens)
http://www.homepages.hetnet.nl/~matthieuvw/index.html
Gallery of Dutch lichen images.Mousses (Bryophytes) et Lichens (Patrick Libourel)
http://membres.lycos.fr/liboupat/Lichens/lichens.htm
French site with a number of photographs - part of a large photographic site including many fungi, home page at http://membres.lycos.fr/liboupat/.Le Naturaliste Forum - lichens
http://www.lenaturaliste.net/forum/viewforum.php?f=225
The lichen section of a larger and impressive French forum devoted to the posting of high quality close-up and micrographic images - main forum index page at http://www.lenaturaliste.net/forum/index.php.
Identification, taxonomy and keys - Britain & Europe
De Nederlandse Cladonia's (L.Sparrius)
http://www.biodiv.nl/lichens/cladonia/
Comprehensive set of excellent images of Dutch Cladonia species, with keys (in Dutch).The lichen order Caliciales: Calicium, Chaenotheca, Cyphelium, Microcalicium, Sclerophora, Thelomma (Jørn Middelborg)
http://www.thavibu.com/caliciales/index.htm
Keys plus ecological and other information; very few photographs.
Images and identification - World
Lichens of North America
http://www.lichen.com/index.html
Companion site to the monumental book, 'Lichens of North America' by I.M. Brodo and S.D. & S. Sharnhoff. Information resource and many beautiful images.
A list of corrections to 'Lichens of North America' is given at http://www.lichen.com/book.html.Pictures of tropical lichens (A. Aptroot & L. Sparrius)
http://www.tropicallichens.net/default.aspx?s=a
Substantial and authoritative gallery of tropical lichen images.Lime loving lichens key (Eastern Lichen Network, NYBG)
http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/eln/lime_loving_lichens.htm
Key and information on calcicolous lichens in eastern North America.Lichens of Grand Traverse County, Michigan (Julie Medlin)
http://www.nmc.edu/~jmedlin/
Photographs and brief descriptions.The Hidden Forest
http://www.hiddenforest.co.nz/index.htm
Photographs of lichens, non-lichenised fungi and other crytogams of New Zealand forests.Xanthoria (Fr.) Th. Fr. in the Pacific Northwest (B.McCune, 2000)
http://www.onid.orst.edu/~mccuneb/Xanthoria.PDF
Downloadable key (.pdf file, needs Adobe Acrobat or similar)Lichen research program at UMFK (S. Selva, University of Maine at Fort Kent)
http://csdept.umfk.maine.edu/LichensWebsite/home.asp
Compilation of information on Canadian Caliciales, including image gallery.Michigan State University (MSC) Lichen Collection
http://herbarium.msu.edu/lichen.html
Various accounts, keys, photographs.Wayne's Word: Crustose Rock Lichens (W.P.Armstrong)
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/pljan98b.htm
Part of an extensive set of on-line articles on lichens, plants, their denizens, etc. Use the supplied links and index for other lichen pages. Should this page vanish, try http://waynesword.palomar.edu/index.htm.The foliicolous lichen homepage (R. Lücking)
http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/departments/planta2/ass/robert/lichens/homepage.html
That's foliicolous, not foliose, so the site refers to those lichens that grow on leaf-surfaces, a feature especially of tropical rainforests. Checklists; keys; taxonomic, biodiversity and ecological information; lichenicolous fungi on foliicolous lichen hosts.Flickr.com lichen pool (various photographers)
http://www.flickr.com/groups/lichen/pool/
A gallery on the well-known photo-sharing website and with the accent on quality photography, not identification. Nevertheless there are discussion threads and some good images of individual lichens, named or not, and excellent representations of lichen habitats.
Ecology
The USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest and Alaska Regions Lichens and Air Quality Home Page
http://www.nacse.org/lichenair/
Excellent and very comprehensive information resource on air pollution and lichens.Lichens of three mine sites in Co. Wicklow, Ireland (H.Fox, 1999)
http://www.ria.ie/publications/journals/ProcBI/1999/PB99I1/PDF/99110BI.pdf
Downloadable paper (.pdf file, needs Adobe Acrobat or similar)A guide to AIR QUALITY MONITORING with LICHENS (William C. Denison, 1973)
http://ocid.nacse.org/classroom/lichens/denison/
Illustrated guide, using lichens on twigs - for use in the American Pacific Northwest.Target lichen species for 6-zone air quality monitoring system in northwestern Washington and southwestern British Columbia (F.M.Rhoades, 2000)
http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~fredr/Lichen_table.htm
Includes photographic identification guide.Lichens (Natural History Museum, London)
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/life/plants-fungi/lichens/index.html
Simple but useful, illustrated account of lichen biodiversity and air quality. Includes an interactive key to lichens on twigs at http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/lichen-id-guide/index.dsml (click the appropriate initial image to begin).Biomonitoring of air quality using plants (A.Mulgrew & P.Williams)
http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/whocc/AHR10/content2.htm
Includes extensive reviews of lichens as biomonitors of gaseous, metallic and organic pollutants.
Other resource link pages
Internet Resources for Bryologists and Lichenologists (American Bryological and Lichenological Society)
https://mywebspace.wisc.edu/jpbennet/web/abls/resources.html
Good list of links to worldwide lichen resouces, including checklists, ecology, herbaria, societies, journals.Lichen resouces (University of Georgia)
http://www.uga.edu/~crms/lichen_resources.htm
Page of links for a "Liking Lichens" Teacher Quality Workshop.Welcome to the World of Lichenology
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/cpsu/lichen1.html
Links to resources, information on the International Association of Lichenologists and a small gallery of images.Lichen determination keys available on INTERNET (H. Sipman)
http://www.bgbm.org/BGBM/STAFF/Wiss/Sipman/keys/default.htm
Links to numerous keys, though few directly applicable to the British Isles/Western Europe.
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© A.J. Silverside
Uploaded May 2008, last fully revised (all links checked) February 2009, last update May 2009 (first hosted at www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/research/Asilverside/lichens/, January 2003)